E-learning in Saudi Arabia - Free Essay Example

Chapter one Introduction Nowadays, higher education is experiencing big challenges driven by many emerging trends, among which is the introduction of the means of online learning. Accordingly, many universities all over the world are taking different moves to cope with the new requirements; some universities were established as purely online learning providers, other conventional universities launched new online programs, and some introduced online learning programmes to enhance some of their already existing programs. E-Learning redefines the teaching/learning processes and the overall learning environment. It changed the old university system to a new set of practices by introducing significant changes in the roles of its main key players; learners, faculty members, and the institution as an entity (Mendenhall, 2001). The change which e-learning brings to higher education, accompanied by its vast spreading as an accepted learning delivery mode, has been always questioned by its components who tie this type of learning to poor quality. Therefore, studying the different aspects of evaluating the quality of e-learning has been rising as an issue that is worth researching and enhancing (Kistan, 2005; Wirth, 2005). A big range of perspectives on what factors to address when evaluating the quality of e-learning has been developed. Nevertheless; most of those studies either addressed a few factors pertaining to a single aspect or dimension (Ally, 2004) or addressed multiple aspects but without looking at the e-learning institution comprehensively (Cohen and Ellis, 2004). In view of the lack of a holistic framework of factors to evaluate the quality of e-learning programs, the aim of this study is to hopefully contribute to the body of knowledge in this area, by developing a framework for the evaluation of quality in e-learning programs. Research objective: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of e-learning programs through investigating the related critical factors that have been identified by researchers and practitioners of this field. It also intends to examine the relevancy and importance of such frameworks within e-learning practise in Saudi Arabia. The study aims also at understanding how the key learners and faculty members differ in perceiving the importance of such factors on impacting on the quality of an e-learning program? Research Question: The research intends to answer in broad perspective the following questions as well: What are the factors which affect the quality of e-learning? In this question the researchers are trying to address the quality factors which affect the success of E-learning in Saudi Arabia based on 12 factors that have been addressed from the literature. How can we increase e-learning practice in Saudi Arabia? The second question to know is whats the best way to increase the number of E-learning practise in Saudi Arabia and what do learners think based on their experience. Dissertation structure: This dissertation includes six chapters in addition to its introduction. Below is a brief description of each: Chapter two; outlining the background information of the research to put the reader into the perspective of this study. The chapter includes a discussion of the emerging trends in higher education that have pushed for the introduction of e-learning and discusses broadly the quality issue in this type of learning. Chapter three; covers the literature review of e-learning, i.e. critical factors for evaluating the quality of e-learning programs. The chapter starts with identifying the distinctions between e-learning and traditional education, discusses in detail the definition of the Quality concept in higher education generally, and in specific e-learning. Chapter four; Cover the research methodology such as the process of data collection and analysis which will be used. Chapter Five; we will be describing and analysing the data and present the data gathered. Results of the analysis are then discussed. Chapter six; this chapter summarizes the study, lay out the conclusion and ends up with recommendations for future research. Bibliography Research Methodology: In this study the researcher will to collect his data by the quantitative method where a questionnaire will be designed based on the factors which have been discovered from the literature review and then will be sent to random group in Saudi Arabia. The Data later on will be analysed to show the result and the findings. Saudi Arabia Background: Saudi Arabia which is the birth place of Islam and home to Islams two holiest places, Mecca, and Medina, is located in the Middle East bordering the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea. The kings official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The modern Saudi State was founded in 1932. It is a large Middle Eastern nation that ranks as one of the worlds leading producers of petroleum, and exports more oil than any other nation. The government is of a monarchy type and the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government, and administratively it is divided into 13 provinces, with the constitution governed according to Islamic Law. The countrys legal system is based on Sharia law and several secular codes have been introduced. Commercial disputes are handled by special committee. Saudi Arabia has an oil based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses more than 20% of the worlds proven petroleum reserves. It not only ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, but also plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings. It is believed that about 40% of GDP comes from the private sector and roughly 5.5 million foreign employees play an important role in the Saudi economy, particularly in the oil and service sectors. The researcher carried out this research in Saudi for the following reasons which are described in detail. The access: as the researcher is a Saudi national and has good access to the people in Saudi Arabia where he can collect more information and find a better response rate than carrying out research in any other place. The Language: The researcher is multi lingual as he can speak Arabic and English fluently, therefore he will not face any problem in collecting the data The Information: The researcher understands the situation in Saudi Arabia which enables good research as he will not spend too much time understanding the situation and its cultural factors. The Organisation of the Education System in KSA The education system in Saudi Arabia has five divisions. They are: kindergarten for children from three to six years old, elementary (6-11), intermediate (12-14), secondary level (15-18), and university level (typically 19-24, depending on the subjects studied, and the form of higher education). The secondary stage is the final phase of general education in the Kingdom. It is a three-year period, following on from the intermediate stage. Students are admitted to this stage if they have obtained the intermediate stage certificate. Normally students follow secondary stage education between the ages of 16 and 18 years. This stage is considered the most important period in the general education ladder because students who successfully complete this stage are eligible to join any higher education institution. The administration of the education system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is highly centralised. All educational policies are subject to government control and supervision by the Supreme Council of Education. Textbooks and teaching tools are uniform throughout the Kingdom. The four principal authorities responsible for education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are: the Ministry of Education; the General Presidency for Girls Education; the Ministry of Higher Education; and the General Organisation of Technical Education and Vocational Training. Conclusion In this chapter we gave a sample overview about the research and the reasons for carrying out this research such as the lack of understanding in the practice of the E-learning program in Saudi Arabia. The research is trying to develop a good understanding of this and the information of other studies carried out in similar fields of the success factors of the quality of E-learning in Saudi Arabia. Also in this chapter we have described the dissertation structure and the research questions which are going to measure the main factors for the success of learning Quality. Finally the Saudi Background has been analysed to give the reader the information to understand where the study has been carried out and why. Chapter Two Introduction: The main objective of this chapter is to put forward the point of view of this study by laying out its background information. The chapter starts with presenting the emerging trends in higher education that have lead to the introduction of e-learning. It then continues by explaining the quality issue that is associated with this type of learning. The chapter also includes an overview of the background information about e-learning in Saudi Arabia. Education An overview: According to a recent publication by UNESCO, the education sector in general comprised of all of its components including higher education is experiencing new trends that exert on it new pressures and challenges (Hernes, 2003). Those trends are either classified under demography, such as the continuing growth and increase of population, particularly young populations, migration between countries, and increase of life expectancy, or are due to globalization where nations in general and learners in particular flow across borders without limits, allowing learners to have easy access to the best universities in the developed countries. Finally, perhaps the most important trend is knowledge growth accompanied by advanced information and communication technologies which have changed forever the way information is obtained, stored, used and displayed. Despite the divide between one country and another, or within the same country, more knowledge development opportunities have been created. Information technologies offer the possibility of modularization and customization of education through the use and re-use of learning objects focusing on learners, the possibility of engaging learners more than ever and therefore changing the role of the faculty from a teacher to a facilitator. In response to the challenges described above, the growth of the e-learning programme with its different modes in higher education is apparent and best reflected by the increasing number of e-colleges and e-universities, or the increasing number of higher education institutions that introduced e-learning programs and definitely by the growth of enrolment rate among learners. A study of e-learning in the United States in 2005, suggested that e-learning is penetrating the higher education institutions both in size and breadth and that e-learning is part of the mainstream of higher education. Figures of the study showed that sixty-five percent of schools offering graduate face-to-face courses also offer graduate courses online. Sixty-three percent of schools offering undergraduate face-to-face courses also offer undergraduate courses online. Among all schools offering face-to-face Masters degree programs, 44% also offer Masters programs online. Among all schools offering face-to-face Business degree programs, 43% also offer online Business programs. The same study showed an increase of around 20% of learners enrolment rate compared to the previous year (Allen and Seaman 2005). For different reasons, those statistics do not seem to be applicable to other countries. The USA is certainly the worlds largest provider of e-learning; however the market for e-learning and lifelong learning is also growing in Europe. Moreover, the Arab world, which represents 5 per cent of the worlds overall population, has entered the 21st century with a striking statistic, which shows that it has only 0.5 per cent of the worlds Internet users. This obviously impacts on the number of its e-learning initiatives and enrolled learners in such type of learning systems (UNDP, 2002). Using Computers in Learning: These days, computers have become an important educational tool kit. Many educational organizations and training centres rely on them to deliver information and learning knowledge. However, using computers in education has a long history and is deep-rooted in the field. The idea of using computers in training first appeared during World War 2, when the US military trained farmers to use weapons and other equipment via this systematic approach (Horton, 2000). The first real use of the computer in educational organizations was seen in the 1960s, when the University of Illinois together with the Data Corporation developed the PLATO system. PLATO is a system which enabled the learning and understanding of complex subjects. Apples Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating system have since provided a standard platform on which programmers can develop training programs (Horton, 2000) Definition of E-learning: E-Learning refers to the employment of information and communication technologies to support the development and delivery of learning in academic and professional development institutions. E-Learning is used widely with other terms such as online learning, technology-mediated learning, web-based learning, computer-based learning, etc. Several definitions of e-learning have been developed reflecting the diversity in its application, used tools, and associated technologies. Whatever definition was used, the meaning of e-learning always contains two fundamental terms; Learning and Technology. In one way or another, all definitions of e-learning indicate the learning that takes place with the support of multimedia objects, the internet and technological applications as a delivery mode. One of the highly used definitions of e-learning is: Education via the Internet, network or standalone computer; it refers to using electronic applications and processes to learn, where communication and content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or videotape, TV and CD-ROM etc as appropriate (LTSN Generic Centre, 2004). A recent definition that uses the terminology of higher education institutions was laid out by Ally (2004) who defines e-learning as: The use of the Internet to access learning material; to interact with the content, instructor, and other learners; and to obtain support during the learning process, in order to acquire knowledge, to construct personal meaning, and to grow from the learning experience. According to Horton (2000) E-learning is a general phrase that has several definitions. However, the comprehensive definition that covers all aspects of e-learning is what Ruth and Richard offer: E-learning is defined as instruction delivered on a computer by way of CD-ROM, Internet, or intranet with the following features: Includes content relevant to the learning objective. Uses instructional methods such as examples and practice to help learning. Uses media elements such as words and pictures to deliver the content and methods. Builds new knowledge and skills linked to individual learning goals or to improve organizational performance Feature of E-learning: Eaton (2001) outlines that e-learning is characterized with the following features: Computer-mediated classrooms: faculty members and learners communicate through the computer, making face to face interaction less frequent. Separation in time between communications: communication between faculty members and learners can also be in asynchronous modes. Availability of services online: learners are not only provided with online learning experience but also with online services such as advising, registration, and library services. Distinction between e-Learning and Conventional Education: To understand the quality of e-learning requires a full understanding of how this type of learning differs from the conventional style of education and the changes it brings to higher education institutions. This section presents in a broad perspective the distinctions between e-learning and traditional education which shape higher education nowadays. Such distinctions will be taken into consideration when materializing a definition for quality in e-learning, and deciding what to be taken into consideration for evaluating the quality of this type of learning. The following areas were highly repeated in the literature as key distinctions between e-learning and traditional education: Educational Changes: McLaughlin and Oliver (2000) believe however that new technologies have a positive impact on the learning environment where more choices for forms of learning are provided to the faculty and learners. This includes the delivery and presentation of content in more flexible way and a variety of modes, the provision of interactivity, engagement, communication, feedback, and communication and collaboration tools. Weller (2000) sees that those types of new choices will facilitate the quick use of courses for easier customization and individualization resulting in more satisfied learners. Change in Faculty Roles: With the growing amount of knowledge and information every day, and the availability of a huge amount of content over the internet, faculty members will not continue to be seen as the source of knowledge, instead, according to Cashion and Palmieri (2002), faculty members are expected to direct learners where to find the most relevant knowledge and provide them with tools that teach them how to learn. Different Types of Learners: Oblinger and Oblinger (2005) have referred to young learners of today as the Net Generation who grew up being familiar with technological products and facilities. Internet access, computer and electronic games have been a daily activity of learners lives. Learners today have different expectations with respect to their learning styles; they prefer to experience things instead of reading or hearing about them, they expect immediate response to questions or actions, they appreciate interactivity and dialogue (Pashuk, 2005). Learners of today consider themselves as customers who demand to be served high quality services. They have consumers attitudes towards their academic program and any of its services (Wager, 2005). E-Learning institutions should be arranged to different types of learners, not only in their preferences and expectations but also in their level of variety. Change in Administrators Role: Administrators of an academic institution are usually referred to as staffs who are not participating in direct teaching or research work, their role is usually to assure that the institutions systems are running properly. Administrators are responsible to create, maintain and improve an environment that helps learners and faculty achieve their academic goals. Administrators of an e-learning institution can be involved in selecting, orienting, and preparing qualified faculty for courses, administer and manage the technological facilities at the institution, provide different types of faculty and learners support from the technical helpdesk; library services, financial aid, etc. Administrators can also be involved in the planning, quality assurance, and performance management of an activity to help the institution serve its learners better (Williams, 2003). Reliance on Infrastructure: Although e-Learning is basically about learning rather than about technology, the technological infrastructure of e-learning programs is still the critical and primary component of the education systems. E-Learning is characterized by its high independence on the validity, and reliability of its infrastructure, which has the role of facilitating and providing accessibility of the learning/teaching process and its support services between faculty members and learners (Pashuk, 2005). Institutional Demands: E-Learning institutions must set up their systems, policies and procedures to deal with issues like data security from both internal and external threats as well as copyrights from the learners, faculty and the institutional perspectives. Developing a high quality online course will not only require the intellectual contribution of faculty members, it rather involves other key team members from the same institution or from partnered institutions. Copyright issues are usually linked to revenue sharing models, especially when the course developers are contracted or granted any incentives (Mendenhall, 2001). Advantages of using E-learning Methods: As we know, traditional education requires effort, time and money that can lead to some difficulties in achieving the goals of learning. On the other hand, e-learning contributes to the spread of knowledge among people around the globe by easy, fast, and comfortable means, that helps people to attain their personal learning objectives. As a result, several educational organisations have proceeded along the e-learning approach to facilitate and improve the process of learning. In this section, several advantages of using an e-learning approach will be discussed. The author has divided the advantages into two main categories, advantages for learners, and advantages for instructors. Advantages for learners: According to Mayer (2003) he has concluded the common advantages that learners can gain from e-learning. The following list illustrates the main advantages for learners: Learners can get the best instruction available The wide popularity of the e-learning programme makes learning more flexible and gives freedom to learners to choose the best course available which fits their needs. Training occurs just in time. Web-based training is available 24 hours a day and 7 days a week which allows learners to study when they need it without any conditions or constraints. They do not need to wait for training sessions or a specified time to attend. Learners set the pace and the schedule. Learners can study at their own time; learners can take as many lessons as they need depending on their time and their plans. For example, some of them may wish to study full-time while others prefer to study a few hours a week. Learners get better access to the instructor. Communication with the instructor(s) through web based e-learning systems can be more effective than the traditional classroom approach. Training adapts to the learners style Many different learning styles can be incorporated within an e-learning environment, and the learner is able to adapt to a style or series of styles which they prefer and in the way they feel is most efficient. Learners get immediate feedback There is no need to wait while for the results of the exams, or games. The results can be obtained immediately. Learners are treated more equally A degree of anonymity is ensured, therefore personal characteristics are not considered. Saves money and time for learners Hidden costs are eliminated in that here are no travelling expenses, parking fees, etc. It is also efficient for time in that almost all the time is spent on learning and no time is wasted on travelling. Produces positive side effects Learners are constantly improving their other skills, such as general computer skills, various internet technologies and how they apply them in their jobs. Advantages for Instructors According to Mayer (2003) the most common advantages for instructors can gain from e-learning are: Instructor can teach from anywhere Instructors are able to teach the course from any location in the world. All they need is connection to the internet. Instructors travel less Almost all the time is spent on planning, producing and publishing courses with no time wasted on travelling to attend. Course content can be dynamic Instructors have the opportunity to deal with course matter at any time and in any place such as home, office etc. Instructors save time Time consumed in preparing the course document such as handouts, having course paper printed etc., are eliminated. Conclusion In this chapter we have covered a wide range on academic study in order to understand this subject, starting with the definition of E-learning and what do we mean by E-learning, followed by another important part which is what is the difference between E-learning and Conventional education. Also the researcher has included a brief explanation concerning the history of E-Learning and the feature of E-stand and its practise. Moreover, we can see that based on the literature there are many advantage of E-learning for the learner. For example, he can study from anywhere and at any time which is the flexibility of E-learning and also there is an advantage for the instructor as he can also teach from any place and with a flexible time schedule. Chapter three Introduction: In order to understand what constitutes quality of e-learning and the critical factors that should be addressed when evaluating this type of learning, an understanding of the distinctions between e-learning and traditional education needs to be attained. Therefore the first section of this chapter is dedicated to exploring what changes have been brought to higher education by e-learning. This chapter includes a literature review for to explore what has been recognized by the researchers and practitioners of this field as key factors that affect the quality of e-learning programs and institutions, and therefore should be used to evaluate this type of learning. A list of highly rated and most repeated factors was then generated and categorized to form the basis for a comprehensive framework intended for evaluating quality of e-learning programs which will be used later in the empirical research. Quality in E-learning: A range of perspectives on what defines quality in e-learning, and what should be considered when evaluating the quality of e-learning has been developed. Some studies have addressed few factors pertaining to a single aspect or dimension, and some have developed frameworks for evaluating the quality of e-learning addressing many aspects. During those studies many different approaches were adopted ranging from surveying learners, faculty members, designers and policy makers for their views, building models for effective e-learning, and constructing camps that contextualize and debate the e-learning environment (Brennan, 2001). Despite the important contribution of each of those studies, a complete framework for evaluating the quality of e-learning couldnt be found. Developed frameworks either addressed the quality of the e-learning program with an emphasis on the classroom environment only, or overlooked some important aspects, such as the impact of the institution on the quality of e-learning programs (Cashion and Palmieri, 2002). E-Learning has been addressed by governing or accrediting bodies which developed quality standards, principles or frameworks. Such standards however, were developed to help institutions plan for their e-learning programs (Cashion and Palmieri, 2002) or as a self assessment tool, therefore they usually address in general perspective quality standards, academic standards, standards of competence, service standards and organizational standards (Harvey, 1999). According to Vlasceanu et al (2004), the definition of quality in a higher education institution differs with the changes in: The interests and needs of various types of stakeholders The institutions own inputs, processes, outputs, purpose, mission and set of objectives The characteristics and attributes of the academic world The historical evolvement and development of higher education Revisiting the changes that e-learning brought to higher education especially to the role of its fundamental stakeholders, learners, educators and administrators, it perhaps becomes logical when we look for a definition of quality as a concept, to consider these stakeholders first. For this reason, a growing literature in the field of e-learning tends to define quality of e-learning programs as the degree to which principal stakeholders needs and expectations are consistently satisfied, referring to the learners and educators (Kistan, 2005). Success factors: Critical success factors (CSFs) are key areas of performance that are essential for the organisation to accomplish its mission (Rockart, 1979). Managers implicitly know and consider these key areas when they set goals and as they direct operational activities and tasks that are important to achieving goals. However, when these key areas of performance are made explicit, they provide a common point of reference for the entire organisation. Thus, any activity or initiative that the organisation undertakes must ensure consistently high performance in these key areas, otherwise the organisation may not be able to achieve its goals and consequently may fail to accomplish its mission. The term critical success factor has been adapted for many different uses. Familiarity with the term is often presented in the context of a project or an initiative. In this context, CSFs describe the underlying or guiding principles of an effort that must be regarded to ensure that it is successful. Clarity of course goals: Not surprisingly, there has been consensus in the literature that in order to assure the quality of the teaching/learning process, designing a course should start with explicit outcomes that identify the expectations from learners and the faculty from the very beginning. Learning outcomes which usually drive the effectiveness assessment process of courses should be also challenging and linked directly to the institutions overall goals and objectives. (Mayer et al 2000) faculty members have to adjust course content by selecting appropriate learning styles to achieve course goals and learners needs. Learner Interaction: Interaction is one of the most widely mentioned factors in the literature in relation to its impact on the quality of e-learning programs. (Moore, 2002) Interaction in the e-learning environment compensates for the loss of direct and face to face contact between learners and their faculty member or colleagues. Moore (1989) has identified three types of interaction: Interaction between faculty and learners, which is considered to be the most vital component that creates an effective learning environment upon which the other two types depend and are facilitated through; Interaction between learners among themselves; Interaction between the learner and content material. Relevancy of multimedia components to course goals Research on the quality of e-learning programs outlined that effective multimedia components are those which are highly in conformance with, and explicitly linked to course learning goals and objectives Graham et. al (2000) have also identified four main technical components pertaining to the multimedia which affect learners and hence the quality of e-learning programs, these are: Consistency of pages layout and design; which is necessary for allowing learners to recognize the graphic language of the interface, use and re-use their knowledge in different applications and retrieve information easily. Clear organization and accessibility of information; which allows learners to accomplish their tasks effectively when understanding the relationship between the media elements, without getting distracted by irrelevant features. Attractiveness of design and graphics; learners who are studying through the multimedia elements or using the learning interface can be encouraged to spend Navigation consistency and ease of use; if not consistent, navigation can place a heavy mental load on learners and therefore hinders their learning process. Faculty proficiency Clay (1999) considered the need to educate faculty members on how their involvement in e-learning programs fits with the overall strategy and mission of the institution. He also added that discussing issues and concerns of faculty members regarding this type of learning is also very important to increase their level of awareness. The success of e-learning courses depends on the type of development offered to faculty members. The following three areas of development have been considered by Caplan (2004) as the most crucial requirements due to their impact on the success of e-learning programs: Educational Proficiency; where faculty members are introduced to and experience the class room environment, requirements of course design and delivery. Administrative skills; methods of management of the classroom, identification of the support needed and offered by the institution are among the topics that are addressed in this area. Technical skills; learning of the basic and more advanced technical skills as needed, learning more about the technology, its benefits and barriers. Reliability of technology Reliability of technology refers to the capability of the technology to perform a required function and maintain a certain level of performance under stated conditions for a stated period of time. Reliability of technology has been highlighted as one of the most important factors that essentially impact on the quality of the learning experience and the success of online courses. Faculty members and learners can be easily distracted from the continuation of a teaching/learning task which usually causes a high level of frustration due to unreliability or stability of technology. (Hartman et al, 2000) Initially, many concerns regarding the future and substantiality of online learning were raised resulting from the doubts about technology reliability and its impact not only on the quality of e-learning but also on the survival of the entire concept. Technical shut downs faced by learners and faculty members during their virtual sessions, discussions and even assignments were among those issues, and therefore reliability and stability of technology was top rated in many studies as a critical factor that affects the success of the e-learning experience. Accessibility of technology In this respect, accessibility refers to the ability of learners of varying technical means and technical limitations related to computer power, bandwidth, or hardware limitations, to have equal opportunity of access courses material like other colleagues. Schrum and Hong (2002) argued that there is a substantial relationship between the number of learners dropping their online courses and the difficulties they face trying to access the technological tools and equipments. Accessible technologies represent therefore a distinct advantage to learners to study according to their convenient time and pace, otherwise learners will spend their times trying to solve technical problems instead of engaging in the learning experience. Therefore, an understanding of the technological and financial limitations of learners, their preparedness, and ability to participate equally in the learning experience is necessary for the success of e-learning. It is also important for the selection of appropria te technological infrastructure that enables learners to focus on their learning (Davis, 2004). For this reason, many e-learning institutions today offer their learning content using online and offline tools (CDs and DVDs) to accommodate for those who have no access to high-speed connectivity. Suitability of support services to learners needs There is no doubt about the importance of learners support services which usually complement the learning/teaching process and enhance their learners experience. Many authors have highlighted the importance of learners support and its impact on the quality of e-learning programs. (Hughes, 2004) Although many higher education institutions claim to know the needs and wants of their learners, they actually do not. Cashion Palmieri (2002) explained that many institutions go wrong by assuming that learners needs are only educational and therefore learners support is exclusive to educational support. For instance, and despite the assumption that many of todays learners are aware of the technological tools and facilities, the level of learners awareness of education technologies is still not up to the desired level. Many of todays learners might be exposed to e-learning courses for the first time in the higher education level, therefore the preparation of learners to cope with the requirements of study, understand the new role they have to assume, and also understand the technology they will deal with during their study, is necessary for learners before they engage in their learning experience. According to Hughes (2004), learner support tools should exceed educational needs, and should be extended to include: Information and administrative support; Technological support Study skills assistance such as time management, balancing personal demands and study pursuits, information about usage of web content and plagiarism, etc Educational counselling Program advising and digital library Responsiveness of learner support Responsiveness to learners enquiries, suggestions, or complaints has also been highlighted as an important factor that affects learners satisfaction and therefore impacts on the quality of learning. According to Smith (2004) responsiveness of learning support tools and staff to learners enquiries can increase their tolerance and satisfaction, and hence increase the quality of their learning. Most often a high percentage of e-learners are usually busy senior professionals or full time employees who would value and appreciate the timely response to their enquiries and the availability of support when needed. Smith (2004) outlines that availability of responsive learners support can be demonstrated in three forms: The ability of learners to get in touch and to make contact with the person to whom they wish to speak. The reassurance of learner support staff that if a message is left or an e-mail is sent, this will at least be acknowledged. The prompt action response, where if the action cannot be taken immediately, the information of action support will be received soon by the learner. Leadership commitment to effective learning According to Barker et. al (1999) effective learning requires a whole institution approach that pays enough attention to the teaching/learning processes, facilitates the work of faculty members, and provides necessary support to the faculty whenever needed, starting from its leadership. According to the author e-learning institutions cannot be successful without leadership commitment to set, maintain, and share a clear direction for the institution, with focus on its teaching/learning processes. Setting up the institution priorities in favour of the teaching/learning quality and providing support to develop competencies and infrastructure are some exemplary forms of leadership commitment for effective learning. Top management should therefore be involved in continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement of the institutions academic performance, as part of that e-learning institutions should continuously monitor learning effectiveness, learners satisfaction, faculty satisfaction, efficiency, and cost effectiveness (Bourne and Moore, 2003). Commitment to effective learning and teaching culture Quality commitment is an obvious factor for developing a quality culture in an organization and for assuring and maintaining continual improvement. This factor has been highlighted generally in many quality management and excellence standards or models, such as the ISO 9000 and the EFQM Excellence model. Similarly, quality commitment at all levels of the e-learning institution, including top management, faculty and staff, has been highlighted heavily in the literature as a pre condition to the success of e-learning institutions (Mayer et al, 2001) Appropriateness of processes to the e-learning environment The changes that accompany the introduction of e-learning in a higher education institution should be associated with a new definition of processes which impact organizational structures, and roles and responsibilities of educators and staff. According to Bates and Poole (2003), planning for e-learning programs by defining relevant and appropriate processes to the e-learning environment and changed roles and responsibilities of staff and faculty, is considered to be a critical factor that impacts the quality of e-learning programs. The processes of e-learning are not quite similar to those of conventional learning; many additions have occurred regarding the day to day work of institutions with the introduction of this type of learning. Instructional designing, dealing with intellectual properties, planning for, and maintaining the technological infrastructure, program management, administrative support for faculty or learners, dealing with faculty workload and incentives, governance and decision making processes or pricing are only some examples of the processes that need redefinition or customization in the e-learning environment. Among the changes that e-learning has introduced is the overall change of the needs and role of learners. In this context, Austin (2001) argues that the starting point for defining and shaping processes in an e-learning environment is the understanding of customers needs (learners, families, employers and society) that represent the input for the learning/teaching Financial feasibility and sustainability It is obvious that many elements in the e-learning type of education are costly and require more financial investments and support from higher education institutions. Preparing learners to this type of learning through introductory and orientation programs, the necessity to offer different types of learning styles that accommodate the different learning needs and talents of learners, along with offering more flexible learning methods and timings, the development of faculty competencies, compensation for faculty workload and copyrighted work, developing reliable, accessible, and maintained IT equipments, infrastructure and multimedia components, and the need for timely and responsive learners support are only few examples of what investment this type of learning would require. Therefore, the financial management in e-learning institutions has been highlighted as an important factor that should be used to judge the quality of e-learning programs. (Bourne and Moore, 2004) Financial sustainability which relates the cost of the program to its financial benefits (Bartolic-Zlomislic Bates, 1999) is considered to be one of the factors that affect the quality of e-learning programs for the following main reasons: The ability to support and sustain the program while it is running even if the number of enrolled learners did not match the expectation in order to protect the interests of learners. The ability to re-invest in the program to enhance it and advance it. The ability to offer affordable e-learning programs. Conclusion: In this chapter we have looked into the previous study and analysed the data to build on a good understanding about the factors which affect the quality of E-learning in Saudi Arabia. The twelve factors will be examined to see what the effects are on the quality of E-learning. Based on these factors we will take into consideration the culture difference as some of these factors may not necessarily affect the quality in Saudi Arabia. The twelve factors are related with the main player in E-learning which is the learner, the course, the provider and the technology. All twelve factors should be examined in order to measure their effect. Chapter Four Introduction: This chapter presents a description of the research methodology used throughout the study supported by a justification for the selection. During a brief description about the data and description of the questionnaire which has been used. The second part will be about a description of the data analysis method which will be used to analyse the data in this study. Data collection: Usually data can be collected through two sources: primary sources and secondary sources. Primary data sources include surveys, observations, and interviews. Secondary data sources include Newspapers, Books, Journals, Internet, etc. After turning the practical idea into a research question and reviewing the necessary literature, the method of research must be considered. The methodology which will be selected should be the one that will be the most effective one to collect the data needed to answer the research question, or to test the hypothesis. Data collection methods are mainly divided under two major methodological methods, quantitative and qualitative methodology. Each method contains several type of data collection technique. Quantitative research is an objective approach which includes collecting and analyzing numerical data and applying statistical tests (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The emphasis of quantitative research is on collecting and analyzing numerical data. It concentrates on measuring the scale, range, frequency, etc, of phenomena. This type of research, although harder to design initially, is usually highly detailed and structured, and results can be easily collated and presented statistically. Qualitative research is a subjective approach which includes examining and reflecting on perceptions in order to gain an understanding of social and human activities (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The research strategy in the research project will be a Quantitative approaches as the researcher doesnt have enough time to carry further investigations and to do face to face interviews with the selected sample so the mail survey will be the best choice to go for. Questionnaire: To collect data for the research project a research questionnaire will be designed and then distributed. The questionnaire included different sections seeking information about many aspects of quality in E-learning factors. Multiple-choice and scale-type questions will be used to collect response in an objective manner. In addition, open questions were used to collect subjective information. The Licker scale of 1 to 5 will be used to rate the critical success factors. A questionnaires prime advantage is its efficiency in terms of speed and cost in generating large amounts of data that can be subjected to statistical analysis. Also questionnaires have inherent advantages as compared to other methods as they allow respondents to answer questions at times that are convenient, to see the context of a series of questions, to take time in answering, and to look up information. According to Robson (2002), the advantages of a questionnaire are as follows: It can be one of the least resource intensive. It is simple to use basic awareness training being sufficient to get things started. It can readily involve many people within the organization. The questions asked can be customized to suit the organization. It enables the organization to receive feedback which can be segmented by function and by level. It can be used in parallel with the workshop approach to provide a more balanced view of deployment team. It can give a good visual reference if results are graphed. In fact, the questionnaire has several weaknesses, particularly their typical low response rate. Low response rates are problematic in that they reduce confidence about the extent to which survey findings generalize the population from which the survey is drawn. Response errors are another problem. A third problem area arises from the conceptual inadequacy and administrative errors that can be caused by the researcher (Saunders, 2000). Data analyses: To have a good interpretation of the data, it is important that data is organized in such a way that it may be analyzed efficiently. There are a number of computer programs that can be used to analyze survey research. Such programs allow users to quickly sort information and look at the data from different angles. Computer software programs with database spreadsheets are widely available. Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel are just a few of the available programs that can be used. More advanced statistical programs such as SPSS (statistical package for social science) is also suitable for data storage, but they require greater technical skill to use the more sophisticated statistical analyses. For quantitative data analysis the researcher will use (Microsoft Excel), as the researcher has the previous skill to use this program. Conclusion: In this chapter we have described the data collection and analysis method which will be used in this study to get the best information, taking in to consideration the time which is limited for a research of this kind. The researcher is going to use the Quantitative method to collect his data by distributing a questionnaire to the targeted group; the questionnaire is going to include a multiple question based on the factors which have been discovered from the literature. Furthermore, after collecting the data the researcher is going to analyse the data using Microsoft Excel software to show the data in a good way so it can be useful and easy to understand. References: Ally, M. (2004) Foundations of Educational Theory for Online Learning. In: Anderson, T. D. and Elloumi, F. (Eds.) (2004) Theory and Practice of Online Learning. Athabasca: Athabasca University. pp(3-31). Allen, I. E. and Seaman, J. (2005) Growing by Degrees: Online Education in the United States. USA: The Sloan Consortium. Barker, K., Wendel, T. and Richmond, M. (1999) Linking the Literature: School Effectiveness and Virtual Schools. [Online]. The Society for the Advancement of Excellence in Education. Vancouver. Available from: https://www.futured.com/pdf/Virtual.pdf. [Accessed 20 Jan 2008] Bartolic-Zlomislic, S. and Bates, T. (1999) Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Telelearning: A Case Study from the University of British Columbia. [Online]. Available from: https://research.cstudies.ubc.ca/nce/EDST565.pdf [Accessed 25 Jan 2008] Bates, A. and Poole, G. (2003) Effective Teaching with Technology in Higher Education: Foundations for Success. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bourne, J., and Moore, J. (2003.), Elements of Quality Online Education. Needham, MA: Sloan Center for OnLine Education. Caplan, D. (2004) The Development of Online Courses. In: Anderson, T. D. and Elloumi, F. (Eds.) Theory and Practice of Online Learning. Athabasca: Athabasca University. pp. 175-194. Cashion, J. and Palmieri, P. (2003) The Secret is the Teacher: The Learners View of Online Learning. [Online] Australia: NCVER, Available from: https://www.ncver.edu.au/research/proj/nr0F03a.pdf. [Accessed 25 Jan 2008] Clay, M. (1999) Development of Training and Support Programs for Distance Education Instructors. [Online] Available from: https://www.westga.edu/~distance/clay23.html. [Accessed 22 Jan 2008] Collis, J., Hussey, R. (2003). Business Research: a practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Cohen, M. and Ellis, T. (2004) Validating a criteria set for an online learning environment. In: 34th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference: 20th 23rd October 2004, Georgia Tech Savannah Campus, Savannah, GA. Davis, A. (2004) Developing an infrastructure for online learning. In: Anderson, Elloumi, T. D. and F. (Eds.), Theory and Practice of Online Learning. Athabasca: Athabasca University. pp. 97-114. Eaton, J.S. (2001) Distance Learning: Academic and Political Challenges for Higher Education Accreditation. (CHEA Monograph Series 2001, Number 1) Washington DC: Council for Higher Education Accreditation. Graham, C., Cagiltay, K., Craner, J., Lim, B., and Duffy, T. M. (2000) Teaching in a Web Based Distance Learning Environment: An Evaluation Based on Four Courses. CRLT Technical Report No. 13-00, Bloomington: Indiana University Centre for Research on Learning and Technology. Hartman, J., Dziuban, C. and Moskal, P. (2000) Faculty Satisfaction in ALNs: A Dependent or Independent Variable?, Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 4(3). Harvey, 1999, Editorial, Quality in Higher Education, 1(1), pp. 5-12 Hernes, G. (2003) The new Century: Societal paradoxes and major trends. In: DAntoni, S. (Ed.), The Virtual University, UNESCO, [Online], Available from: https://www.unesco.org/iiep/virtualuniversity/home.php [Accessed 1 Dec. 2007] Horton, W. (2000), designing Web-based Training: How to Teach Anyone Anything, Anywhere, Anytime, Wiley, New York, NY. Hughes, J. (2004) Supporting the online learner. In: Anderson, T. D. and Elloumi, F. (Eds.), Theory and Practice of Online Learning Athabasca: Athabasca University , Canada. Kistan, C. (2005) Improving the quality of e-learning through evaluation: Whose interest is served. In: Smout, M. (Ed.) The decade ahead. South Africa: South African Universities. LTSN Generic Centre. (2004), LTSN pedagogy and Policy vocabularies. [Online], Higher Education Academy. Available from: https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/scoping_notes.doc [Accessed 20 Dec. 2007] Mayer, D. P., Mullins, J. E. and Moore, M. T. (2000) Monitoring School Quality: An Indicators Report.[Online] Available from: https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2001/2001030.pdf [Accessed 20 Oct. 2007] McLoughlin, C., and Oliver, R. (2000) Designing learning environments for cultural inclusivity: A case study of the indigenous online learning at tertiary level. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 16(1), pp. 58-72. Mendenhall, B. (2001) Technology: Creating New Models in Higher Education. National Governors Association, [Online], Available from: https://www.nga.org/cda/files/HIGHEREDTECH.pdf, [Accessed 25 Nov. 2007] Meyer, K. A. (2002) Quality in Distance Education: Focus on Online Learning. Higher Education Report, 29(4), pp. 1-21 Moore, J. C. (2002). Elements of Quality: The Sloan-CTM Framework. Needham: Sloan Centre for On Line Education. Oblinger, D. and Oblinger, J. (2005) Is it Age or IT: First Steps Toward Understanding the Net Generation. EDUCAUSE, [Online], Available from: https://www.educause.edu/books/educatingthenetgen/5989, [Accessed 30 Nov. 2007] Pashuk, K, (2005) Turning Technology Invisible: Best Practices to Support a Successful Distributed Education Environment. Athabasca University, [Online], Available from: https://library.athabascau.ca/drr/download.php?filename=mba/open/kevinpashukProject.pdf, [Accessed 15 Dec.2007] Robson, C. (2002). Real World Research (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Rockart, J. (1979). Chief executives define their own data needs. Harvard Business Review , Vol. 57 No. 2, 238-41. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2000). Research methods for business students (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson. United Nations Development Program (UNDP), (2002) Arab Human Development Report. New York: UNDP. Vlasceanu, L., Grnberg, L. and Parlea, D. (2004) Quality Assurance and Accreditation: A Glossary of Basic Terms and Definitions. Bucharest: UNESCO-CEPES Wager, J. (2005) Support Services for the Net Generation, EDUCAUSE, [Online], Available from: https://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/pub7101j.pdf, [Accessed 25 Nov. 2007] Weller, J. M. (2000) Creating a large-scale, third generation distance education course. Open Learning, 15(3), pp. 243-308. Williams, P. (2003) Roles and Competencies for Distance Education Programs in Higher Education Institutions. American Journal of Distance Education, 17(1), pp. 45-57. Wirth, M. (2005) Quality Management in e-Learning: Different paths, similar pursuits. Proceedings of the 2nd international SCIL Congress, [online], Available from: https://www.scil.ch/congress-2005/programme-10-11/docs/workshop-1-wirth-text.pdf, [Accessed 20 Nov. 2007] Austin (2001 Brennan, 2001 Schrum and Hong (2002 Smith (2004)

Upton Sinclair and the Chicago Meat-Packing Industry

Upton Sinclair and the Chicago Meat-packing Industry In 1900, there were over 1.6 million people living in Chicago, the countrys second largest city. Of those 1.6 million, nearly 30% were immigrants. Most immigrants came to the United States with little or no money at all, in hope of making a better life for themselves. A city like Chicago offered these people jobs that required no skill. However, the working and living conditions were hazardous and the pay was barely enough to survive on. This is the bases for Upton Sinclairs book, The Jungle. Sinclair agreed to investigate working conditions in Chicagos meatpacking plants, for the Socialist journal, Appeal to Reason, in 1904. The Jungle, published in 1906, is†¦show more content†¦Critics view Sinclair as a muckraker, a talented progressive journalist and reformer with no literary technique whatsoever. Although Sinclairs accurate descriptions were amazing, he fell short in his character development and plot. The main character, Jurgis Rudkus, went through an impl ausible number of extreme changes in the period of time the story takes place. He morphs from a pure-hearted family man, to an alcoholic tramp, a beggar, a criminal, a player in machine politics, and finally a sober, hard-core member of the Socialist Party. The other characters are hardly worth mentioning. Readers really dont care much about them because they are so under-developed. Much like the main character, the plot is all over the place, yet it doesnt seem to go anywhere. There is no hope for the characters in The Jungle. Anytime things start to get better for them, something else comes along to bring them back down. Its a constant rollercoaster ride between death and existence. The problem with the plot is most noticeable in the last four chapters of the book. Sinclair was writing this book for a Socialist publication, but hadnt said much about socialism up to this point and didnt really know how to end the book. Therefore, these last four chapters are dedicated to the Socialist cause. Sinclair switches from describing actual events, to describing the theoreticalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Upton Sinclair And The Chicago Meat-Packing Industry1094 Words   |  5 PagesUpton Sinclair and the Chicago Meat-packing Industry In 1900, there were over 1.6 million people living in Chicago, the countrys second largest city. Of those 1.6 million, nearly 30% were immigrants. Most immigrants came to the United States with little or no money at all, in hope of making a better life for themselves. A city like Chicago offered these people jobs that required no skill. However, the working and living conditions were hazardous and the pay was barely enough to surviveRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Food Industry958 Words   |  4 PagesMikayla Peri Ms. Maxwell English III 10. Feb. 2015 Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair, the most influential writer regarding the food industry was born in Baltimore 1879. 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Upton Si nclair’s The Jungle changed food regulation in America forever, but the effects that came about because of The Jungle were more detrimental than beneficial. Upton Beall Sinclair grew up in a poor family, always

Details In the book Bless Me Ultima - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1892 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Bless Me Ultima Essay Did you like this example? He is one of Antonios friends that does not believe in God or is religious. Even though he is not religious, he still attends catechism just so he can be with his friends, including Antonio. He can be described as young, upset, and cloudy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Details In the book Bless Me Ultima" essay for you Create order The feeling of being upset and upset is because both of his parents are dead and his sisters are prostitutes which is the main reason that he started to question the Catholic religion. This can affect a child dramatically because he does not have the love and support he needs from his family members. Florence is a bad influence to Antonio in a way because he starts telling him that religion is not always reliable and can fail. Alsom he tells him that the Catholic religion is not perfect. This was the start of Antonio questioning religion. A key quote about Florence is, Why do you punish Florence? Why doesnt he believe?In this phrase Antonio is asking God why he punished Florence about not believing in religion. Miss Maestas is Antonios first grade teacher that is very nice to her students. She notices that Antonio is very intelligent even though he does not know english. With three words, she can be described as generous, loving, and patient. She is very patient when teaching Antonio in school. By the end of the year, she advances Antonio to third grade because she believes that he is smart and is capable of moving up. Even though she is a minor character, she has a huge impact on Antonio education wise. Setting: The novel takes place in Guadalupe, New Mexico, and the area around it. Also, World War ll in the late 1940s was happening when Antonio was narrating his story. Basically, Antonio and his family were alive during war. This progresses to about two years in the future. Bless Me, Ultima takes place at Agua Negra in New Mexico where Ultima teaches Antonio more about land, freedom, and nature. Then, Ultima lifts a curse from the land by using her curandera powers. This specific setting is symbolic for the overall book because it makes the story authentic and includes the Native and Spanish culture. It also takes place in the Llano which is the Land of the Marez. Including beautiful land of hills, clusters of adobe huts, and dark plains. As said in the book, Antonios father enjoys being free and the Llano is where he prefers to be. This land symbolizes freedom and the spirit of the vaqueros. Diction: The writing of the author for Bless Me, Ultima can be said to be somewhat colloquial. Most phrases are something that we might hear everyday since there is a lot of dialogue between characters. On each page, there is some sort of dialogue amongst the characters. As shown, ?so it is. Be respectful to your teachers, he said to us. ?And you Antonio. he smiled, ?suerte. It made me feel good. Like a man.'(page 54) This is an example of the familiar conversation because it is something out parents would tell us on our first day of school. Ultima came to stay with us the summer I was almost seven. When she came the beauty of the llano unfolded before my eyes, and the gurgling waters of the river sang to the hum of the turning earth. The magical time of childhood stood still, and the pulse of the living earth pressed its mystery into my living blood.(page 1) In this brief passage, a lot of descriptive imagery is given which gives the reader a clear idea of what is happening. The tone of this phrase is calming and Antonios emotions are really clear to understand. Also, it is lyrical because the llano is described in a very beautiful way that brings the reader peace and tranquility. ?But I want to know, there are so many things I want to know, I insisted. A curandera cannot give away her secrets, she said, but if a person really wants to know, then he will listen and see and be patient. Knowledge comes slowlyâ„ ¢(page 33-34) In this phrase, it is a conversation between Ultima and Antonio. This was when Tony wanted to seek knowledge and wanted the answers to all his questions. Ultima refused because she did not think he was ready yet to learn about certain topics. This is formal because in order for individuals to learn certain things, they have to be patient until the time comes. The dialogue between characters is that one is more sophisticated while the other is being more concentrated. God was not always forgiving. He made laws to follow and if you broke them you were punished. The Virgin always forgave.(page 44) The sentences in this phrase are short and it creates it more informative to the reader. Antonio is trying to show how the Virgin Mary forgives while God does not. This is educational in a way for those who are catholics. It contains no imagery because it is not being descriptive about any topic. Also, the phrase has a more serious tone since religion and catholicism was important to Antonios family. Syntax: A variety of different sentence and phrase patterns is used in the novel. This is used to enhance the complexity of the reading and make it more interesting for the reader. The sentences vary from being simple short sentences to long complex sentences that include a lot of information. Also, most of the novel is written in english but some words or phrases are in spanish to bring out the Mexican side of the book. An example is that the names of the characters are mostly traditional mexican names such as Maria and Antonio. Some other words used are vaquero, llano, and curandera. The sentence structure of the book is not that formal because it is basically telling a story about someones childhood; therefore, there is a lot of dialogue. As in diction, God was not always forgiving. He made laws to follow and if you broke them you were punished. The Virgin always forgave.(page 44) This statement can pass as repetitive because it is explaining how God does not forgive but the Virgin Mary d oes. This is an example of the book that does not include any sort of dialogue and is formal since religion is an important thing to all Catholics. Concrete Detail/Imagery: In the book, Bless Me, Ultima, there are a lot of vivid details, such as our five senses, that cleary gives the reader an idea of what the narrator is living. An important section in the novel that gives concrete details is the golden carp passage. Antonio describes what he is seeing so vividly that the reader can clearly imagine the emotions he was feeling and what he was looking at through his own eyes. Also, this is very significant to the overall book because it is the first time that Antonio encountered with something religious without it being related to catholicism. As shown in the passage, ?The orange of the golden carp appeared at the edge of the pond. . . . We watched in silence at the beauty and grandeur of the great fish. Out of the corners of my eyes I saw Cico hold his hand to his breast as the golden carp glided by. Then with a switch of his powerful tail the golden carp disappeared into the shadowy water under the thicket. This phrase is an example of when Antonio des cribed what he was seeing for the first time. Another example of concrete details was towards the beginning of the chapter one when Antonio was describing the appearance of Ultima and what he first thought of her. As shown in the passage, She wrapped the black shawl around her hair and shoulders. Her face was brown and very wrinkled. When she smiled her teeth were brown. I remembered the dream. From this phrase, it is obvious that Ultima is old. Also, previously Antonio had mentioned the dream he had in which Ultima had an appearance in and reminds Tony. Symbolism: Since the novel incorporates religion a lot throughout the chapters, it is clear that there are a lot of different symbols. The most important symbol is Ultimas owl. Wherever she goes, so does the owl. Also, the owl calls out a warning whenever they are in danger. It is said that the owl is actually her spirit and soul.This is shown when Tenorio says, ?It is the owl! Do you hear, little bastard! It is the owl that is the spirit of the old witch. Also, when, the owl is killed, Ultima dies shortly after. They are both buried together. Ultima is thought to be generous and the best person one can imagine but once being compared with owl, the script changes. This is shown when the owl rips out Tenorios eye when Ultima is being intimidated. During this situation, the darker side of Ultima is given to the reader. Since the owl and Ultima are basically the same spirit, the owl enhances the revenge side of Ultima. In other words, a new layer of her personality has been discovered by the reade r. The last names of Tonys parents are Marez and Luna and when translated to english mean the moon and the sea which represents the background story of the lifestyle of each individual. Another symbol is the golden carp which symbolizes a religious topic that it not connected to Catholicism in any way. Instead of believing in Virgin Mary or god, the golden carp is another from to feel guidance, wisdom, and comfort. This religion involves a magical fish in which Antonio relies on when feel abandoned by God. Last, the Virgin Mary is an important symbol thought out the novel because Tonys mom, Maria, is devoted and a firm believer of this saint. This catholic figure represents forgiveness, trust, and moral support when someone is in the need of it. Most Mexicans rely on her and is very important in religion. Antonio finds comfort in the Virgin Mary when he feels left by God and does not feel like he has a forgiving God. Symbols is something important that needs to be added in a book becaus e over the course of the book, the reader finds out about the meaning behind what something symbolizes. Figurative Language: A variety of figurative language is present to develop a more sophisticated mood to the book. An example is personification. Being pretty obvious, Ultimas owl is an example of a human characteristic in a nonhuman object. The owl has human traits such as being able to detect danger and warn Ultima. In reality, animals can detect trouble but are not always able to communicate it to humans, unless it is a trained service dog. As shown in the text, The owl was the protective spirit of Ultima,- The owl was her soul!(page 255) Another example of personification is when the fish represented more than just an animal was was to be good luck. When comparing to real life, it is quite obvious that a fish cannot be magical but can be a good luck sign. In addition, allusion was also present throughout the book. An example of the allusion is how Antonio represents a christ figure.

Philosophy, Phenomenology And Comparative Approachs

I believe there are six different approaches to religion. One approach is the psychological or individual aspect. Then there is the sociological approach which looks at group behavior. Then there is also the anthropological approach which is looks at societies, cultures and things of that nature. Lastly there is the philosophy, phenomenology and comparative approachs. The psychological approach to religion allows us to examine the individual. The psychology of religion is to understand the personal religious experience. William James who many deem the father of the psychology of religion field. William James had identified two types of individuals for this field. One was what he called the â€Å"healthy minded†. The healthy minded individuals ignored evil and only focused on the good and positive things. The other type of individual he identified was the â€Å"sick souled† person. These type of individuals are unable to ignore the evil and negativities in the world. They need a unifying experience such as religion to accommodate for good and evil. My point is that the psychology approach is the application of psychological methods to individuals. The sociological approach to religion looks at the group aspect. Durkheim saw religion as a tool for unifying people into a moral community. He saw these religious groups as an expression of society. Individuals in these groups sought out something greater than themselves which in turn form these religious groups or communities. Humans areShow MoreRelatedPhilosophical Assumptions and Key Concepts2432 Words   |  10 Pagestheory on hermeneutical phenomenology. My key assumption will be that appearances are less clear than they seem, and that, in order to think can act in a healthy manner, people are advised to reduce appearances to facts and to base their response on these facts. As far as I know, although some counseling approach, such s RET, peripherally touch on phenomenology with one of Ellis structures having client examine whether indeed incident really occurred, there is no counseling approach that actively andRead MoreHow Does Black Administrators Affect Postsecondary Educat ion For The Mid Level Administrator?7689 Words   |  31 Pagesunequal treatment of BAs who have experienced this phenomenon and progressed to positions as successful executive administrators. This chapter covers a number of topics that inform the approach that will guide the research; it also explores methodology and the rationale for using hermeneutic phenomenology. 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The methods used in this research study are primarily those of grounded theory (Glasser Strauss, 1967; Lincoln Guba

Apples Financial Position For A Stable Business For The...

Introduction Apple has managed to establish a stable business for the past 10 years. Their profitability has managed to succeed expectations and stockholders equity has managed to increase continually since 2011. Since Apple’s stockholder equity is steadily increasing, it is safe to say that they are continually turning a profit. When subtracting liabilities from Apple’s assets, Apple has managed to cover their liabilities and retain earnings. The accumulation of retained earnings has allowed the stockholder equity to increase. Summary of Operations Over the past three years, apple has managed to increase their net sales every year. This means that once Apple deducts returns, damaged goods and discounts from their overall sales, they are left with a given figure. Since their net sales have increased significantly over a three year span, Apple must provide a quality product that customers are happy with. Below is a chart that depicts Apple’s net Sales over the past three years, in comparison with Microsoft and Amazon. Financial Position Apple’s financial position seems to be their strong point, compared to their operations aspect of their organization. Luckily for Apple, their working capital, net property, total assets, long term assets and stockholders equity has managed to increase over the past three years. Apple’s working capital went from 17.02 Billion in 2011, to a staggering 29.63 Billion in 2013. This type of data shows that Apple has the opportunity to grow andShow MoreRelatedInvesting in Apple Inc3227 Words   |  13 PagesINVESTING IN APPLE INCORPORATION FIN 534-Financial Management 3 March 2015 Abstract In my paper, I will provide the rationale for selecting Apple Incorporation for which to invest. I will also determine the profile of the investor for which this company may fit. 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Summary of the Achilles’ heel free essay sample

Literature review suggests that Harmonious and coordinated partnerships are responsible for providing economic and strategic benefits to both partners. Although, it also gives a bright picture that trust and commitment are the two essential tools which can lead to satisfaction between the two partners, it is not true in real life. The study aims to focus on the factor which reduces the possibility of partner switching from international perspective. Empirical data suggests that commitment, opportunism and dedication are absent from work. From international perspective, if these characteristics are absent in work, they can hamper the longest and most successful relationships[1]. A distributor has to commit to the manufacturer’s credit commitments in order to expand his horizons. Therefore, it may be necessary to increase the exit cost. The study aims to analyze commitment, relational responsiveness; opportunities and the possibility of switching partners and considers them to be essential aspect of relationship between the manufacturer and the distributor. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Achilles’ heel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Commitment decreases the possibility of partner switching as the committed partners work together to endure better operational and strategic work load. Relational responsiveness is necessary to maintain stability in the strong, competitive market because a responsive distributor will work effectively with the manufacturer to reach shared goals. Opportunistic behavior if shown excessively is most likely to terminate the relationship between the distributor and the manufacturer. Switching partners is most likely to happen when the manufacturer is dissatisfied with the distributor. However, manufacturer satisfaction is most likely reducing the possibility of changing partners. The study collected several samples and studies companies which were sorted by size. More than seven hundred respondents were studied. The results were analyzed and it concluded that distributor’s strategic leverage has a negative impact on the manufacturer’s satisfaction, commitment influences satisfaction, the receptiveness of the distributor also has positive influence on manufacturer’s satisfaction, opportunism does not influence satisfaction and manufacturer’s satisfaction with the distributor decreases the probability of switching partners[2]. However, this study has some restrictions. Since it was conducted in United States, it does not cover the entire world. Also trust is another constraint which has not been analyzed in this study. Conclusion The literature concentrates on taking advantages of opportunities when changing partners. The study utilizes a complicated, multifaceted system where approval, fulfillment and agreement in appropriating rent increases the probability of partner switching. The concept that time based steady, constant relationship is a misnomer because vulnerability dependent on time. In order to create satisfactory cross-border relationship, it is essential to establish a major, important trustworthy and reliable relationship without eradicating opportunities. The elevated investments and long relationship is the key to bring satisfaction between the two partners. More than seven hundred samples were taken into consideration. The study analyzed Commitment, relational responsiveness, opportunities and the possibility of switching partners and came to the conclusion that these are essential factors which can determine the relationship between the manufacturer and distributor. References: Deligonul, Seyda, Daekwan, Kim, Roath, Anthony S. and Cavusgil Erin, ‘The Achilles heel of an enduring relationship: Appropriation of rents between a manufacturer and its foreign distributor’, Journal of Business Research, 2006, vol. 59, issue 7, pages 802-810(2006) [1] Deligonul, Seyda, Daekwan, Kim, Roath, Anthony S. and Cavusgil Erin, ‘The Achilles heel of an enduring relationship: Appropriation of rents between a manufacturer and its foreign distributor’, Journal of Business Research, 2006, vol. 59, issue 7, pages 802-810(2006) [2] Deligonul, Seyda, Daekwan, Kim, Roath, Anthony S. and Cavusgil Erin, ‘The Achilles heel of an enduring relationship: Appropriation of rents between a manufacturer and its foreign distributor’, Journal of Business Research, 2006, vol. 59, issue 7, pages 802-810(2006)

Fast Movers Limited Busines Plan The Moving Business

Question: Describe about the Fast Movers Limited Busines Plan for The Moving Business. Answer: Introduction Fast Movers Limited (FML) is a moving company based in India. The company will be situated in the heart of Mumbai where it will target to serve a large portfolio of clients. The reason behind the moving business is the need to minimize the hustle that people have to endure when moving and the market potential of the firm (Asperg, 2007, p. 11). Moving is not easy, and it requires a lot of resources such human labor and transportation media such as trucks. At one time everyone has heard a friend or a close colleague complaining of the valuable belongings that were lost or destroyed during the moving process. This was the main idea that sparked the start of the business venture. What if people could pay a company and help them move? The moving business will be a good business, and Fast Movers Limited will capitalize on the opportunity given that there is an extensive market. The company aims at revolutionizing the lives of many people who love to move and leave in different towns. The c ompany will partner with a security company to help guard the items of the clients and ensure transparency to the customers. Market Feasibility The market is large as many people all over the country move daily from one place to another and many organizations transfer their employees to other branches. The market has a small number of players currently who only cover the adjacent towns. People shift out of Dubai at every single month in the year due to various issues such as work transfers or want to reside in rural areas. The Fast Movers Limited hopes to serve these clients and help ease their transition into newer homes. The company plans to target every member of the community provided the person wants to move to other towns with their belongings and house holdings. The industry is growing, and many players are getting interested in joining the industry. India is expanding, and small towns and cities are being developed more to ease the congestion from bigger cities such as Mumbai (Bars, 2016, p. 84). Some people are expected to move away from Mumbai. The company will not only target people moving out of Mumbai but also p eople moving within Dubai. The market growth rate is high with many people preferring to pay for the services of movers to reduce stress. Currently, a few companies are in the market such as Fast Track Relocation and Aryan International Packers and Movers. The companies have been serving the market and have a large clientele base due to the high number of people requiring the services of movers. The companies have no competition, and Fast Movers Limited would arouse competition in the area and thus bring the best out of the other companies in Mumbai. The customers in the market are mostly the residents of Mumbai and shoppers who live in the outskirts of Mumbai. Men and women who buy a lot of things such as furniture and household items in Mumbai or who live in the outskirts of Mumbai will require the services of movers. The movers are professionals who will handle the luggage with the utmost care and transport it to the clients house and even help get the items inside the house if the customers prefer so. Currently, the two main players in the industry serve an average of fifty customers each within a day with three-qu arters being people moving within Mumbai. Entry into the market with a good cost strategy will guarantee us at least twenty customers within a day. The moving business just like any other business has a lot of external factors that influence the decisions of the companies in the industry. The next external factor to Fast Movers Limited will be the competitors. Competitors are very vital in any given industry, and FML will have to critically look at Fast Track Relation and Aryan International Packers and Movers. Other external influences consist of Government regulations and policies, the prevailing economic conditions such as inflation and technology among much more. The policies of the government concerning taxes, minimum wage rates and the price of fuel all influence the decisions made by FML (Eddy, 2014, p. 1). The low pricing of fuel and low taxes will help the business to achieve its set objectives and make profits thus sustaining the survival of the business. Inflation and harsh economic conditions will make the business charge less thus make a little money and threaten the stability of the industry. The industry has very little barriers to entry. The main barriers are the government regulations and the huge capital required. A new business venture will have to meet the governments requirements, meet the set standard of quality, get an office and buy equipment such as moving tracks. Technical feasibility The business like most business uses technology to offer the best services to customers. The options for developing the technology needed largely relies on off the shelf. The technology needed by the company include a computer for handling the customers requirements and processing transactions, an internet connection and good trucks that can fit the trade. The company requires specialized and strong trucks with good safety fittings to hold and protect the items being transported. The computer will help the organization process the business transactions quickly and allow the company to talk to the customers and address any customer queries. The company has to have an appropriate system that enables the client and the company to track the vehicle to know if the items are safe. The option for producing the service is contractual. The client has to enter into a contract with the company to have their stuff delivered to them at their preferred destination. The contract is enforceable by l aw and thus any company that breaches the contract can be held accountable in a court of law. The organization will have a lot of sales and distribution options. The company will have sales representatives at all the malls in the city to market the services of the company (Heckman, 2014, p. 93). The sales representatives will also be at the supermarkets and train stations and bus stations. The company will also produce T-shirts containing the relevant information and give it to the sales representatives. The sales persons will not necessarily need to be in contact with people to communicate the message regarding the companys services. When a person contacts the company, a salesperson will be sent to look at the items in question and give the client an estimate of the cost. Sales representatives will be very vital to the company (Leach et al, 2011, p. 224). The business needs extensive resources for success. Managerial skills and leadership skills are crucial in ensuring the business meets its objectives. The business will need a person to coordinate and control the activities of the business in addition to making decisions concerning the business. The company will have to liaise with petrol stations to ensure that their vehicles can fuel from anywhere and the invoice sent to the company. Equipment regarding vehicles and wrappers are necessary to enhance service delivery. There are many laws and regulations relating to the business. The business has to acquire some personal certifications such as practicing license, quality assurance, environment impact certification and business permits (Wassinger and David, 2011, p. 211). The business has to operate by the law of the city and meet all the set requirements. The company has to be liable for any loss of a clients items and has to do anything to resolve the matter out of court. The industry, however, has few legal, ethical issues surrounding it. The organizations need to carry their activities professionally and adhere to transparency. The client should not undergo any loss on the companys watch. In any case, a loss occurs, the company is liable to restore the client to where he or she is. There are no ethical issues that may hinder the business in the industry. Nevertheless, technological changes have little impact on the business. The business does not rely heavily on innovation and thus may achieve a lot without the need for an innovation upgrade. The business will need to match the emerging billing options to make payment easier and improve service delivery. Human Resource Feasibility The business needs a lot of technical and managerial expertise since it is in its initial growth stages. The business will need a person who can make the right decisions that will propel the business to success. The business needs a leader with interpersonal skills, good communication skills, and quality social skills (Dickinson, Mawdsley and Hanlon-Smith, 2016, p. 22). The leader should be a risk taker and someone who the organization can count on in desperate times. The manager needs to have quality decision-making skills. The business relies on the decisions made by the decision maker to coordinate their activities and achieve a common objective. The business will be owned by an entrepreneur who will play key roles in the administration of the business. The entrepreneur will have to head all decisions made by the company. With adequate systems put in place, the owner will act as a leader and a watchman to oversee, direct and control all the activities of the company. The company w ill be headed by a chairperson, followed by a vice chairperson, then a general manager. Below the general manager, there are line managers that report directly to the general manager. The line managers head the human resource department, the sales department, the finance department and customer relations department. Since the business is in its initiation stages, the business will have a smaller organization structure. The organization will require the use of dedicated employees to ensure the business offers quality services to its employees. The staff on the ground do not require technical expertise as compared to the individuals hired to work in offices. The staff directly involved in moving will have to undergo a thorough training (Meisner and Radford, 2015, p. 786) on how to wrap some items, acquire competent communication skills and how to handle fragile items. To find the right workforce, the company will advertise the open positions through all the media available. The company will have permanent employees and casual employees to be used when work increases. The permanent staff will be remunerated monthly with a basic monthly salary and allowances. The casual staff will be paid a daily wage rate. To motivate the employees, the business will offer both monetary and non-monetary incentives to the employees (Ivanisevic et al, 2016, p. 179). The business will put the necessary policies and proce sses to help the staff achieve work-life balance. The best performing employees will be awarded salary raises promotions and even training to boost their morale. The company will need to offer refresher courses on customer care training on an ongoing basis. The company will have a five-year growth strategy pegged on yearly set targets and goals. The business will formulate the needed strategies to help the business achieve its objectives. It is thus very important for the business to manage and maintain high-quality standards. The staff and their supervisors will attend training regularly to help guide and improve the quality of services offered to a client. The aim is to turn Fast Movers Limited into a learning organization where the staff gets to undergo thorough training and improve their productivity. With growth and development of the organization, the organization structure will change to suit the companys needs. The company may need to create more departments, formulate a governing board of directors and employ a Chief executive officer. The company will have to employ a lot of talented individuals to help steer the company forward. The company will even hire a public relations officer to protect the image of the organization fro m being tainted. As a learning organization, the management will promote career development and ensure that all employees progress career wise. The firm will promote the staff regularly for career progression, and there will be a lot of delegation and succession planning to ensure professional growth for the employees (Gothard and Austin, 2013, p. 273). Financial feasibility The business aims at serving at least 300 clients in a month. The average cost for moving is $500, and this would generate a lot of revenues for the company. As the company is just starting, it would not be able to get a steady flow of clients. In a month the projected sales are 300. The market research shows that the two main initial players in the industry serve close to a thousand clients worth $500,000. Most movers in Mumbai charge an average of $500. The total expected revenue for a month is $ 150,000 and $1,800,000 in a year. The business offers a lot of financial opportunities with the company having an opportunity to make good profits. Moving within Mumbai would cost around $500 for every 10km covered. The long distances are charged less per kilometer averagely at $300 per 10km. The variable cost for 10km in Mumbai is $ 50 with a fixed cost of $150. The gross margin per unit is $450 less fixed costs of $150 to get net margin profit of $300. The company requires a huge investment to start up. The initial investment for the firm will be $1,800,000 with the plant and equipment taking $1,000,000. The company will need to get a lot of machinery that moving requires. The company will operate in rental premises with a monthly rent of $5000. Legal issues and research to take $50,000 and experts $20,000. The operating expenses for the month before break-even are estimated to be $55,000. The estimated payback period for the investments is two years. The business is a risk but unlike most businesses an investor can get payback in two years of full operation. In my research in Mumbai, it is not easy to get a better return like that one. Most businesses give a payback in 4 years. To start up the business a person has to take some financial risks such as mortgaging the house or getting loans from banks and friends (Jandaghi and Hosseini, 2015, p. 38). It is not easy to get the full financing from a one give source. Most financing institutions may fund half the project. A person may seek for partnership with another businessperson with the required. The risk with such partnership the partner may get to own half the company and not get the company fails before paying them back. The banks may agree to finance the business but they will demand more in returns and may sue an individual in case of default in payment. The gross margin per unit is estimated at 60% with a net profit of approximately 40%. The business venture is very attractive with a payback of two years and a breakeven of fewer than two years. References Asperger, JJ 2007, 'To Increase Yields, Tend to Your Business Development Plan', Of Counsel, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 9-14. Baars, S 2016, 'Business Model. (Cover story)', Corrections Today, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 82-88. Dickinson, T, Mawdsley, D, Hanlon-Smith, C 2016, 'Using drama to teach interpersonal skills', Mental Health Practice, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 22-24. Eddy, N 2014, 'Small-Business Owners Need Better Business Plans', eWeek, p. 1. Gothard, S, Austin, MJ 2013, 'Leadership Succession Planning: Implications for Nonprofit Human Service Organizations', Administration in Social Work, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 272-285. Heckman, L 2014, 'When Buyers Say No: Essential Strategies for Keeping a Sale Moving Forward', Library Journal, vol. 139, no. 7, pp. 93-94. Ivanisevic, A, Katic, I, Buchmeister, B, Leber, M 2016, 'Business plan feedback for cost effective business processes', Advances in Production Engineering Management, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 173-182. JANDAGHI, G, HOSSEINI, M 2015, 'EVALUATING THE RISK OF PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS USING GENERALIZED TOPSIS MODEL AND BUSINESS PLAN', Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 35-46 Leach, MP, Liu, AH, Pelton, LE 2011, 'Strategies for Trade Sales in a Changing Asian Business Culture', Journal of Marketing Channels, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 217-239. Lee, CJ, Andrade, EB 2015, 'Fear, excitement, and financial risk-taking', Cognition Emotion, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 178-187 Mahdev, M 2015, 'Corporate Accountability in Southeast Asia: National Action Plans for Responsible Business Conduct under International Law', Journal of East Asia International Law, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 9-28. Meissner, E, Radford, K 2015, 'Importance and performance of managerial skills in the Australian aged care sector - a middle managers' perspective', Journal of Nursing Management, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 784-793. Regan, L, Hexom, B, Nazario, S, Chinai, SA, Visconti, A, Sullivan, C 2016, 'Remediation Methods for Milestones Related to Interpersonal and Communication Skills and Professionalism', Journal of Graduate Medical Education, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 18-23 Smith, R 2016, 'Whether good times or bad, a sound business plan still important. (Cover story)', Southwest Farm Press, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1-5. TICHY, EM, PILCH, NA, SMITH, LD, MALDONADO, AQ, TABER, DJ 2014, 'Building a business plan to support a transplantation pharmacy practice model', American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 751-757 Valentine, D 2011, 'Maintaining Organization Culture Through Leadership Succession Planning', Culture Religion Review Journal, vol. 2011, no. 2, pp. 125-129. Wassinger, K, David Baxter, G 2011, 'Business plans in physiotherapy: a practical guide to writing a business plan for the non specialist', Physical Therapy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 210-227. Xu, S 2015, 'Model for evaluating the commercial banks financial risk with interval grey uncertain linguistic variables', Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 767-773. Yeheyis, M, Reza, B, Hewage, K, Ruwanpura, JY, Sadiq, R 2016, 'Evaluating motivation of construction workers: a comparison of fuzzy rule-based model with the traditional expectancy theory', Journal of Civil Engineering Management, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 862-873.